For many parents, the next few weeks will be filled with orientations, school supply lists, sports physicals, and immunizations. If you are in that boat, be sure to include a visit to your eye doctor to have your child's eyes examined before starting the school year. Experts estimate that as much as 80% of learning occurs through the visual system (1), so give your child every possible opportunity to succeed in school. Learning, particularly in the form of reading, requires a combination of many visual skills. There is far more to vision than just seeing 20/20.
Vision screenings at the pediatrician's office and at school, though helpful in flagging some potential problems, usually only assess one or two aspects of vision. Screenings are limited and non-diagnostic, so they are not a substitute for a comprehensive eye exam. I regularly see kids who pass school screenings but have vision problems that need to be addressed. Some states actually require a comprehensive eye exam before entering kindergarten, which is a fantastic idea. The visual system is not fully developed in young children, and equal input from both eyes is necessary for proper development. The earlier problems are detected, the better the chance of treatment being successful. The American Optometric Association (AOA) recommends an eye exam at 6 months old, 3 years old, and again before entering first grade. While in school, a child/teen should have an eye exam at least every 2 years if no issues exist, or yearly if he/she wears glasses or contact lenses. Depending on the child and the condition, your eye doctor may recommend more frequent examinations.
Some common signs and symptoms for parents and teachers to keep an eye out for:
- squinting
- eye(s) turning in or out
- sitting close to the TV
- holding books close to the face
- complaining of seeing double
- complaining of headaches
- tilting head
- avoiding reading and/or reading slowly
- losing place when reading and/or skipping words
While some children will have symptoms and signs that parents and/or teachers can pick up on, it is not uncommon to find children with issues that do not report any symptoms at all. That is why the objective tests done during a comprehensive eye exam are so important for young children.
According to the American Public Health Association, about one in four school-aged children has a vision problem that interferes with learning. Here is a brief overview of some eye conditions that are relevant to this age group:
According to the American Public Health Association, about one in four school-aged children has a vision problem that interferes with learning. Here is a brief overview of some eye conditions that are relevant to this age group:
- Hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism: These are all types of refractive error. A refractive error exists when the eye doesn't focus light exactly on the back of the eye (the retina). An eye doctor measures the refractive error of the eyes and prescribes glasses/contact lenses if needed. Correcting a child's refractive error when appropriate is the first step in addressing problems with the visual system because it may be the root cause of other vision problems, like those described later in this post.
- Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is when the eye focuses light behind the retina. Small amounts of hyperopia are normal in young children. Kids can often compensate for this by using their eye muscles to bring images into focus. But when the amount of hyperopia is substantial, it creates an unnecessary burden on the system and can result in blur, fatigue, eye strain, and headaches, especially when reading. High amounts of uncorrected hyperopia can cause an inward eye turn to develop as well (accomodative esotropia).
- Myopia, or nearsightedness, is when the eye focuses light in front of the retina. Those with myopia have difficulty seeing far away. Myopia is often first detected in school-aged children, and typically progresses through the adolescent years.
- Astigmatism is when the curvature of the cornea and/or the lens of the eye is different in one direction than it is in another, and light gets focused at two different points. This can cause blur and distortion up close and far away.
- Strabismus: Commonly called crossed eyes, strabismus is a misalignment of one or both eyes, present in 2-5% of the general population. The eye may turn in (esotropia), out (exotropia), up (hypertropia), or down (hypotropia). It may happen all the time, or it may happen only some of the time (constant vs. intermittent). The turned eye may be the same eye all the time, or it may alternate between the two (unilateral vs. alternating). When the eyes are pointing in two different directions, they are sending the brain two different images. Depending on the frequency and severity of the eye turn, it may cause double vision. Alternatively, the brain may learn to ignore the image from the turned eye in an attempt to relieve the confusion. This adaptation is called suppression. If left uncorrected, strabismus can result in decreased vision in the turned eye (ambylopia) and loss of depth perception.
- Amblyopia: Sometimes referred to as lazy eye, amblyopia affects 2-3% of the general population. Amblyopia is defined as reduced vision in one eye, or less commonly both eyes, in the absence of disease or structural abnormalities. It can be caused by an eye turn (strabismic amblyopia), or a high prescription in one or both eyes that hasn't been corrected (refractive amblyopia), or something physically obstructing the line of sight (deprivation amblyopia). Amblyopia occurs in the brain during the developmental stage, and it is often a preventable and treatable cause of vision loss. The sooner it is diagnosed and treated, the better the chance of achieving normal visual function. This is a big reason why eye exams are recommended early in life.
- Ocular motor dysfunction (OMD): Patients with OMD have problems keeping their eyes on a target (fixation), moving their eyes quickly and accurately from one target to another (saccades), and following a moving target with their eyes (pursuits). These eye movements play an important role in reading and sports. OMD usually does not present by itself; a child with OMD may also have issues with focusing and/or eye teaming. The primary treatment here (assuming the appropriate glasses prescription has been given) is vision therapy.
CliffsNotes: Be sure to add a comprehensive eye exam to your child's yearly back-to-school checklist. Clear, comfortable, single vision is important to a child's academic success!
Additional recommended resources:
(1) Gazzaniga MS, Ivry RB, Jangun CR. Cognitive Neuroscience, the Biology of the Mind. New York, NY; WW Norton & Co, 1998.
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